注释1.^ (英文) Honer, O., Holekamp, K.E. & Mills, G (2008). Crocuta crocuta. 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2009. 撷取于31 August 2009.
2.^ Denis-Huot, Christine & Denis-Huot, Michel. The Art of being a Lion. 2003: pp.224. ISBN 1-58663-707-X.
3.^ Mills, Gus & Harvey, Martin. African Predators. 2002: pp.160. ISBN 1-86872-569-3.
4.^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Kruuk, Hans. The Spotted Hyena: A study of predation and social behaviour. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1972: pp.335. ISBN 0-563-20844-9.
5.^ Aardwolf and Hyenas: Hyaenidae - Spotted Hyena (crocuta Crocuta): Species Accounts. Mammals and Other Warm-Blooded Animals - Vol 3. Animal Life Resources [2008-03-22].
6.^ Richard Estes. Spotted Hyena, Crocuta crocuta. Wildlife African Hyena Photos. Nature-Wildlife.com [2008-03-24].
7.^ K.E. Holekamp et al. Hunting rates and hunting success in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Zoology, London. 1997, 242: 1-15.
8.^ Sean Henahan. Female Hyenas And Male Hormones, A Strange Combination. Access Excellence [2008-03-24].
9.^ Frank, L. G., Glickman, S. E., Licht, P.. Fatal Sibling Aggression, Precocial Development, and Androgens in Neonatal Spotted Hyenas. Science. 1991, 252: 702-704.
10.^ Estes, Richard Despard. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. Berkely: University of California Press. 1991.
11.^ Kay Holekamp. Spotted Hyenas. Current Biology. 2006-11-21, 16: R944-R945.
12.^ Stefan Anitei. The Largest Clitoris in the World - When females are more "male" than the males. Softpedia. 2007-01-26 [2008-03-26].
13.^ It's a dog's life - aggressive male hyenas fail to impress the girls. The Royal Society. 2003-05-14 [2008-03-26].
14.^ Walter RaleighRobert White, T. Basset, J. Wright Etc.. . History of the World. London. 1677.
15.^ Making a Killing. Captive Animals' Protection Society [2007-06-07].
16.^ Elephant Management in South Africa. The Need to Think Big [2008-03-24].
17.^ The spotted hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: reputation is everything - In the Company of Animals. Stephen E. Glickman [2007-05-22].
18.^ Lycanthropy [2008-03-24].
19.^ Finn (Frank), Hinton (Martin A. C.) and others. Hutchinson's animals of all countries; the living animals of the world in picture and story Vol.I. 1923: 384.
20.^ Spotted Hyena profile. National Geographic [2008-01-26].
21.^ Living Library. WildWatch [2008-01-26].
22.^ Knight, John. Natural Enemies: People-Wildlife conflicts in Anthropological Perspective. 2000: pp.254. ISBN 0-415-22441-1.
[编辑] 参考资料Androgens and the Role of Female "Hyperaggressiveness" in Spotted Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) Wolfgang Goymann, Marion L. East, and Heribert Hofer (pdf) - 'Androgen-independent mechanisms are likely to also play an important role, as treatment with anti-androgens during fetal development did not produce females without a pseudo-penis (Drea, Weldele, Forger, Coscia, Frank, Licht, and Glickman, 1998).'
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[编辑] 外部链接维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:
斑鬣狗http://hyenas.zoology.msu.edu/
The IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group
Quirks & Quarks